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27th January 2017

Metallic hydrogen created for the first time

Scientists at Harvard have created a small amount of metallic hydrogen for the first time, a century after it was theorised. This material is thought to be present in the depths of gas giants like Jupiter.

 

  metallic hydrogen
Photographs of hydrogen at different stages of compression: Transparent molecular hydrogen (left) at about 200 GPa, which is converted into black molecular hydrogen at 415 GPa (middle), and finally reflective atomic metallic hydrogen at 495 GPa (right).
Credit: Isaac Silvera / Harvard

 

Nearly a century after it was theorised, Harvard scientists claim to have succeeded in creating the rarest – and potentially one of the most valuable – materials on the planet.

The material – atomic metallic hydrogen – was created by Professor of Natural Sciences, Isaac Silvera; and his colleague, post-doctoral fellow Ranga Dias. As well as helping scientists answer fundamental questions about the nature of matter, this material is theorised to have a wide range of applications, including as a room-temperature superconductor. The breakthrough is described in a paper published yesterday by the journal Science.

"This is the holy grail of high-pressure physics," Silvera said. "It's the first-ever sample of metallic hydrogen on Earth, so when you're looking at it, you're looking at something that's never existed before."

To create it, Silvera and Dias squeezed a tiny hydrogen sample at 495 gigapascal (GPa), or more than 71 million pounds-per-square inch – greater than the pressure at the centre of the Earth. At those extreme pressures, Silvera explained, solid molecular hydrogen – which consists of molecules on the lattice sites of the solid – breaks down, and the tightly bound molecules dissociate to transforms into atomic hydrogen, which is a metal.

 

liquid metallic hydrogen pressure temperature graph

Comparison of this study with other studies. Solid metallic hydrogen was achieved at 495 GPa.

 

While the work offers an important new window into understanding the general properties of hydrogen, it also offers tantalising hints at potentially revolutionary new materials.

"One prediction that's very important is metallic hydrogen is predicted to be meta-stable," Silvera said. "That means if you take the pressure off, it will stay metallic, similar to how diamonds form from graphite under intense heat and pressure, but remain diamond when pressure and heat is removed."

Understanding whether the material is stable is important, Silvera said, because predictions suggest metallic hydrogen could act as a superconductor at room temperatures.

"That would be revolutionary," he said. "As much as 15 percent of energy is lost to dissipation during transmission, so if you could make wires from this material and use them in the electrical grid, it could change that story."

Among the holy grails of physics, a room temperature superconductor, Dias said, could radically change our transportation system, making magnetic levitation of high-speed trains possible, as well as ultra-efficient electric cars and improving the performance of many electronic devices. It could also provide major improvements in energy production and storage, because superconductors have zero resistance energy that could be stored by maintaining currents in superconducting coils, and then used when needed.

In addition to transforming life on Earth, metallic hydrogen could also play a key role in helping humans explore the far reaches of space, as the most powerful rocket propellant yet discovered.

 

manned exploration of saturn via metallic hydrogen fuel

 

"It takes a tremendous amount of energy to make metallic hydrogen," Silvera explained. "And if you convert it back to molecular hydrogen, all that stored energy is released, so it would make it the most powerful rocket propellant known to man, and could revolutionise rocketry."

The most powerful fuels in use today have a "specific impulse" of 450 seconds – a measure, in seconds, of how fast a propellant is fired from the back of a rocket. In other words, a typical chemical rocket engine can produce one pound of thrust from one pound of fuel for 450 seconds. By comparison, the specific impulse for metallic hydrogen is theorised to be 1,700 seconds.

"That would easily allow you to explore the outer planets," Silvera said. "We would be able to put rockets into orbit with only one stage, versus two, and could send up larger payloads. So it could be very important."

To create the new material, Silvera and Dias turned to one of the hardest materials on Earth – diamond. But rather than natural diamond, Silvera and Dias used two small pieces of carefully polished synthetic diamond which were then treated to make them even tougher and then mounted opposite each other in a device known as a diamond anvil cell.

 

diamond anvil cell liquid metallic hydrogen

 

"Diamonds are polished with diamond powder, and that can gouge out carbon from the surface," Silvera said. "When we looked at the diamond using atomic force microscopy, we found defects, which could cause it to weaken and break."

The solution, he said, was to use a reactive ion etching process to shave a tiny layer – just five microns thick, or about one-tenth of a human hair – from the diamond's surface. The diamonds were then coated with a thin layer of alumina to prevent the hydrogen from diffusing into their crystal structure and embrittling them.

After more than four decades of work on metallic hydrogen, and nearly a century after it was first theorised, seeing the material for the first time, Silvera said, was thrilling.

"It was really exciting," he said. "Ranga was running the experiment, and we thought we might get there, but when he called me and said, 'The sample is shining,' I went running down there, and it was metallic hydrogen. I immediately said we have to make the measurements to confirm it, so we rearranged the lab... and that's what we did. It's a tremendous achievement – and even if it only exists in this diamond anvil cell at high pressure, it's a very fundamental and transformative discovery."

 

 

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