The crisis in Cosmology--Solved?

[andmar74]

What is the crisis?

"Two divergent measurements of how fast the universe is expanding cannot both be right. Something must give—but what?"
https://www.scientificamerican.com/arti ... al-crisis/

Solution? Better distance measurements (maybe): At 25:20.

[caltrek]

The following article is not really about the "crisis" but as it is about cosmology. It would seem to be a good fit for this thread.

Do ‘Bouncing Universes’ Have a Beginning?
August 9, 2022

Introduction:

(EurekAlert) BUFFALO, N.Y. — In trying to understand the nature of the cosmos, some theorists propose that the universe expands and contracts in endless cycles.

Because this behavior is hypothesized to be perpetual, the universe should have no beginning and no end — only eternal cycles of growing and shrinking that extend forever into the future, and forever into the past.

It’s an appealing concept in part because it removes the need for a state called a singularity that corresponds to the “beginning of time” in other models.

But a new study by University at Buffalo physicists Will Kinney and Nina Stein highlights one way that cyclic or “bouncing” cosmologies fall flat.

The research shows that the latest version of this theory — a cyclic model that resolves long-standing concerns about entropy — introduces a new problem (or rather, returns to an old one). Cyclic universes described under this model must have a beginning, Kinney and Stein conclude.

Read more here: https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/961350

Edit: Also, Science Alert has an article that discusses this same study and includes a little more context: https://www.sciencealert.com/eternal-bo ... somewhere

[caltrek]

Long term, maybe the James Webb telescope will help us resolve questions related to the crisis in cosmology. For now, the immediate result of new data pouring in is that it seems to have left scientists even more confused about their conclusions regarding cosmology.

Distant Galaxies in Webb Images Suggest We Need to Rethink Star and Galaxy Evolution in the Early Universe.
by Govert Schilling
August 10, 2022

Introduction:

(Sky & Telescope) The very first results from the James Webb Space Telescope seem to indicate that massive, luminous galaxies had already formed within the first 250 million years after the Big Bang. If confirmed, this would seriously challenge current cosmological thinking. For now, however, that’s still a big “if.”

Shortly after NASA published Webb’s first batch of scientific data, the astronomical preprint server arXiv was flooded with papers claiming the detection of galaxies that are so remote that their light took some 13.5 billion years to reach us. Many of these appear to be more massive than the standard cosmological model that describes the universe’s composition and evolution.

“It worries me slightly that we find these monsters in the first few images,” says cosmologist Richard Ellis (University College London).

Read more here: https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy- ... ronomers/

[caltrek]

Black Hole Collisions May Clarify How Fast the Universe is Expanding
by Louise Lerner
August 27, 2022

Introduction:

(Futurity) In a new study, two astrophysicists lay out a method for how to use pairs of colliding black holes to measure how fast our universe is expanding—and thus understand how the universe evolved, what it is made out of, and where it’s going.

In particular, the scientists think the new technique, which they call a “spectral siren,” may be able to tell us about the otherwise elusive “teenage” years of the universe.

There’s a major ongoing scientific debate over exactly how fast the universe is expanding—a number called the Hubble constant. The different methods available so far yield slightly different answers, and scientists are eager to find alternate ways to measure this rate. Checking the accuracy of this number is especially important because it affects our understanding of fundamental questions like the age, history, and makeup of the universe.

The new study offers a way to make this calculation using special detectors that pick up the cosmic echoes of black hole collisions.

Read more here: https://www.futurity.org/black-holes-u ... 87072-2/

Here is a somewhat technical abstract of the study: https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/ ... 129.061102

[caltrek]

University of Hawaii Astronomers Map Distances to 56,000 Galaxies to Help Answer Basic Questions About Our Universe
September 26, 2022

Introduction:

(EurekAlert) How old is our universe, and what is its size? A team of researchers led by University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa astronomers Brent Tully and Ehsan Kourkchi from the Institute for Astronomy have assembled the largest-ever compilation of high-precision galaxy distances, called Cosmicflows-4. Using eight different methods, they measured the distances to a whopping 56,000 galaxies. The study has been published in the Astrophysical Journal.

Galaxies, such as the Milky Way, are the building blocks of the universe, each comprised of up to several hundred billion stars. Galaxies beyond our immediate neighborhood are rushing away, faster if they are more distant, which is a consequence of the expansion of the universe that began at the moment of the Big Bang. Measurements of the distances of galaxies, coupled with information about their velocities away from us, determine the scale of the universe and the time that has elapsed since its birth.

“Since galaxies were identified as separate from the Milky Way a hundred years ago, astronomers have been trying to measure their distances,” said Tully. “Now by combining our more accurate and abundant tools, we are able to measure distances of galaxies, and the related expansion rate of the universe and the time since the universe was born with a precision of a few percent.”

From the newly published measurements, the researchers derived the expansion rate of the universe, called the Hubble Constant, or H0. The team’s study gives a value of H0=75 kilometers per second per megaparsec or Mpc (1 megaparsec = 3.26 million light years), with very small statistical uncertainty of about 1.5%.

There are a number of ways to measure galaxy distances. Generally, individual researchers focus on an individual method. The Cosmicflows program spearheaded by Tully and Kourkchi includes their own original material from two methods, and additionally incorporates information from many previous studies. Because Cosmicflows-4 includes distances derived from a variety of independent, distinct distance estimators, intercomparisons should mitigate against a large systematic error.

Read more here: https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/965897

[caltrek]

New Study Finds That Universe Has Less Dark Energy Than Previously Theorized
by Jeff nagle
October 27, 2022

Introduction:

(Inverse) THE MAKEUP and the growth of the Universe have never been clearer — or as confusing — as they’ve been revealed to be in a massive new survey of the markers astronomers use to measure the cosmos.

A new analysis called Pantheon+ has narrowed down the uncertainty in the expansion and makeup of the Universe. To do this, Pantheon+ builds on two long-standing astronomical projects — one called Pantheon, combining observations of 1,550 supernovae reaching back 10 billion years; and another called SH0ES, which measures relatively close pulsing stars known as Cepheids within 10 million light years.

The Pantheon+ analysis of the makeup and expansion of the Universe published recently in The Astrophysical Journal finds that 66.2 percent of the Universe is made up of dark energy, the mysterious accelerator driving the Universe’s speeding expansion, slightly less than past estimates of about 68 percent.

Only 33.8 percent of the Universe is matter — and the vast majority of that is impossible-to-observe dark matter, whose existence astronomers can only infer from galactic-scale gravitational effects. At the accepted rate of 85 percent dark matter to 15 percent normal (baryonic) matter, that means just slightly less than 5 percent of the mass of the Universe is the stuff we can see around us.

Pantheon+ was also able to measure the Universe’s expansion to within 1.3 percent uncertainty, close enough that it is now undeniable that the early Universe and the current Universe don’t expand at the same pace.

Read more of the Inverse article here: https://www.inverse.com/science/dark-energy-ratio

For a technical presentation of the results of the study as presented in The Astrophysical Journal: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3 ... 57/ac8e04

[caltrek]

First Glimpse of What Gravity Looks Like on Cosmological Scales
November 4, 2022

Introduction:

(EurekAlert) Scientists from around the world have reconstructed the laws of gravity, to help get a more precise picture of the Universe and its constitution.

The standard model of cosmology is based on General Relativity, which describes gravity as the curving or warping of space and time. While the Einstein equations have been proven to work very well in our solar system, they had not been observationally confirmed to work over the entire Universe.

An international team of cosmologists, including scientists from the University of Portsmouth in England, has now been able to test Einstein's theory of gravity in the outer-reaches of space.

They did this by examining new observational data from space and ground-based telescopes that measure the expansion of the Universe, as well as the shapes and the distribution of distant galaxies.

The study, published in Nature Astronomy, explored whether modifying General Relativity could help resolve some of the open problems faced by the standard model of cosmology.

Read more here: https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/970268

[caltrek]

We're on the Brink of Hearing the Universe's Background Hum. Here's Why We're Listening
by Michele Starr
January 3, 2023

Extract::

(Science Alert) Every supernova, every merger between neutron stars or black holes, even rapidly spinning lone neutron stars, could or should be a source of gravitational waves.

Event the rapid inflation of space following the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago should have produced its own cascade of gravitational waves…

The new frontier in space exploration

It's thought – just as the discovery of the cosmic microwave background did before it (and continues to do) – that finding the gravitational wave background will blow our understanding of the Universe and its evolution wide open.

"Detecting a stochastic background of gravitational radiation can provide a wealth of information about astrophysical source populations and processes in the very early Universe, which are not accessible by any other means," explains theoretical physicist Susan Scott of the Australian National University and the ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery.

"For example, electromagnetic radiation does not provide a picture of the Universe any earlier than the time of last scattering (about 400,000 years after the Big Bang). Gravitational waves, however, can give us information all the way back to the onset of inflation, just ∼10-32 seconds after the Big Bang."

Read more here: https://www.sciencealert.com/were-on-t ... listening

[caltrek]

Long term, maybe the James Webb telescope will help us resolve questions related to the crisis in cosmology. For now, the immediate result of new data pouring in is that it seems to have left scientists even more confused about their conclusions regarding cosmology.

Distant Galaxies in Webb Images Suggest We Need to Rethink Star and Galaxy Evolution in the Early Universe.
by Govert Schilling
August 10, 2022

...
Read more here: https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy- ... ronomers/

Looks like further study is confirming early galaxy formation:

(Futurity) In their new study, the researchers discovered 87 galaxies that could be the earliest known galaxies in the universe.

“…WE MIGHT NEED TO REVISE OUR PREVIOUS UNDERSTANDING OF GALAXY FORMATION.”

The finding gets the astronomers one step closer to finding out when galaxies first appeared in the universe—about 200-400 million years after the Big Bang, says Haojing Yan, associate professor of physics and astronomy at the University of Missouri and lead author of the study.

The researchers used data from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Early Release Observations.

“Finding such a large number of galaxies in the early parts of the universe suggests that we might need to revise our previous understanding of galaxy formation,” Yan says. “Our finding gives us the first indication that a lot of galaxies could have been formed in the universe much earlier than previously thought.”

Source: https://www.futurity.org/galaxies-forme ... e-2860022/

For a technical discussion as presented in The Astrophysical Journal Letters: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3 ... 13/aca80c

[caltrek]

Scientists Reveal the Most Precise Map of All The Matter in The Universe
by Michele Starr
February 1, 2023

Introduction:

(Science Alert) A gargantuan effort by a huge international team of scientists has just given us the most precise map of the all matter in the Universe obtained to date.

By combining data from two major surveys, the international collaboration has revealed where the Universe does and doesn't keep all its junk – not just the normal matter that makes up the planets, stars, dust, black holes, galaxies, but the dark matter, too: the mysterious invisible mass generating more gravity than the normal matter can account for.

The resulting map, showing where the matter has congregated over the 13.8-billion-year lifespan of the Universe, will be a valuable reference for scientists looking to understand how the Universe evolved.

Indeed, the results already show that the matter isn't distributed quite how we thought it was, suggesting there could be something missing from the current standard model of cosmology.

According to the current models, at the point of the Big Bang, all the matter in the Universe was condensed into a singularity: a single point of infinite density and extreme heat that suddenly burst and spewed forth quarks that rapidly combined to form a soup of protons, neutrons and nuclei. Hydrogen and helium atoms came a few hundred thousand years later; from these, the entire Universe was made.

Read more here: https://www.sciencealert.com/scientist ... -universe

[caltrek]

I watch a lot of How the Universe Works on the Science Channel. One theme that comes up is a puzzle as to how supermassive black holes could have formed so early in the universe and come to be so large. Here is an article relevant to that cosmological question.

Bright But Obscured Supermassive Early Universe Black Hole Could Represent New Type
by Stephen Luntz
February 24, 2023

Introduction:

(IFL Science) The further we peer back toward the Big Bang, the more our theories run into trouble with observations. This is happening a lot right now with JWST, but ground-based telescopes are getting in on the act, including the discovery of a galaxy named COS-87259, found through the COSMOS search and confirmed by the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA). We’re seeing COS-87259 as it was just 750 million years after the universe burst into action – about 5 percent of its current age.

One notable feature of COS-87259 is its astonishing rate of star formation, a thousand times that of the Milky Way.

The light of so many hot young stars allows us to see COS-87259 despite its immense distance, but another source of luminosity is the large and growing supermassive black hole at its core, estimated to be as massive as 1.6 billion Suns. It is this that is the focus of a paper in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. The authors think COS-87259’s active galactic nucleus could be key to understanding the evolution of the immensely massive black hole at the heart of most galaxies.

Supermassive black holes from the early universe have been seen for decades – indeed for a long time, they were the only thing we could see that far back. Known as quasars, they are black holes that are actively feeding on surrounding material and producing jets largely unhidden by dust. This combination makes them visible over immense distances, yet even quasars are seldom found at distances as great as COS-87259. We only average one discovery for 3,000 square degrees.

COS-87259, on the other hand, is very obscured by dust (about 2 billion solar masses of it) and consequently wouldn’t have been detectable with most prior sky surveys. Consequently, the interesting thing to astronomers is how quickly we found it once we had the capacity. The COSMOS search only studied an area of about 1.5 deg2, seven times the apparent size of the full Moon, and turned up COS-87259. Either objects like this are actually quite common – at least compared to quasars at the same distance – or astronomers got exceptionally lucky in their choice of where to look first.

Read more here: https://www.iflscience.com/bright-but- ... ype-67692

[caltrek]

Astronomers Present Map of Dark Matter Since Big Bang
by Candace Cheung
April 11, 2023

Introduction:

(Courthouse News) — For thousands of years, astronomers have attempted to understand the construction of the cosmos and how it has evolved into the universe we know today. A large part of research into the universe has focused on documenting mysterious dark matter and how its presence, despite our difficulties detecting it, has shaped the universe from the time of the Big Bang.

An international team of researchers have rendered new observations from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope into the most detailed map to date of dark matter across a quarter of the universe, indicating the shape and expansion rate of the universe since its creation.

Although dark matter is theorized to make up around 85% of the universe, it is usually invisible to astronomers, as it does not interact with light or electromagnetic radiation. Instead, dark matter only seems to interact with gravity, an interaction that Atacama telescope researchers took advantage of to create their map.

Presented Tuesday at “Future Science with CMB x LSS”, a conference at the Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics at Kyoto University in Japan, this new map depicts the usually invisible dark matter by measuring how diffuse light known as cosmic microwave background radiation warps around dark matter in a way that also confirms Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity.

“We have mapped the invisible dark matter across the sky to the largest distances, and clearly see features of this invisible world that are hundreds of millions of light-years across," University of Cambridge cosmology professor Blake Sherwin said in a statement.

Read more here: https://www.courthousenews.com/astrono ... ig-bang/

[caltrek]

Scientists Get Closer to Detecting “Cosmic Dawn”
by Shirley Cardenas
April 13 , 2023

Introduction:

(Futurity) A team of scientists has doubled the sensitivity of a radio telescope called the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA). With this breakthrough, they hope to peer into the secrets of the early universe.

“Over the last couple of decades, teams from around the world have worked towards a first detection of radio waves from the cosmic dawn. While such a detection remains elusive, HERA’s results represent the most precise pursuit to date,” says Adrian Liu, an assistant professor at the physics department and the Trottier Space Institute at McGill University.

650 MILLION YEARS AFTER THE BIG BANG

The array was already the most sensitive radio telescope in the world dedicated to exploring the cosmic dawn. Now the HERA team has improved its sensitivity by a factor of 2.1 for radio waves emitted about 650 million years after the Big Bang and 2.6 for radio waves emitted about 450 million years after the Big Bang.

The work appears in The Astrophysical Journal.

Although the scientists have yet to detect radio emissions from the end of the cosmic dark ages, their results provide clues about the composition of stars and galaxies in the early universe.

Read more of the Futurity article here: https://www.futurity.org/cosmic-dawn-space-2904882-2/

A highly technical presentation that appears in The Astrophysical Journal can be found here: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10. ... 57/acaf50

[caltrek]

Signs of a Critical Imbalance in Physics Seen in The Arrangements of Galaxies
by Tessa Koumoundouros
May 31 , 2023

Introduction:

(Science Alert) Physicists have long puzzled over why there is more matter in the Universe than its flipped twin, antimatter. Without this imbalance, the two types of material would have canceled out, leaving nothing but a boring glow in the vast emptiness of space.

Somehow, at some point, something changed in the way the Universe works on a fundamental level, favoring the mirrored state – or parity – of one kind of 'stuff' over the other.

Scientists have sought clues to this critical moment in the remnants of the Big Bang, including the cosmic microwave background and gravitational waves, without much luck.

A study by a trio of astrophysicists from the University of Florida and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in the US has now found either a startlingly clear signal of such asymmetry soon after time began, or an absurdly specific random error.

What's more, their findings could settle the debate over whether the Universe went through a period of inflation soon after it precipitated into existence.

Read more here: https://www.sciencealert.com/signs-of- ... galaxies

[caltrek]

New Research Reveals Age of Universe Estimated to be 26.7 Billion Years Old
July 17, 2023

Introduction:

(Open Access Government) Challenging the current cosmological model, a new study published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society suggests that the age of universe may be nearly twice as old.

This research around studying space and our universe sheds light on the “impossible early galaxy problem.”

Age of the universe estimated at 26.7 billion years

According to the study’s author, Rajendra Gupta, a physics professor at the University of Ottawa, their newly-devised model indicates that the universe is 26.7 billion years old, significantly older than the previous estimate of 13.7 billion years.

The mystery of early galaxies and methuselah stars

Astronomers and physicists have traditionally determined the universe’s age by measuring the time since the Big Bang and studying the oldest stars based on redshift observations.

Additional extract:

To address these challenges, Gupta introduces Zwicky’s tired light theory, which proposes that the redshift of light from distant galaxies is caused by the gradual energy loss of photons over vast cosmic distances.

Read more here: https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/a ... 163845/

[caltrek]

Cosmic Structure Growth Isn’t as Predicted
by Morgan Sherburne
September 21, 2023

Introduction:

(Futurity) The rate at which large cosmic structures grow is slower than Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity predicts, report researchers.
They also show that as dark energy accelerates the universe’s global expansion, the suppression of the cosmic structure growth that the researchers see in their data is even more prominent than what the theory predicts. Their results appear in Physical Review Letters.

As the universe evolves, scientists expect large cosmic structures to grow at a certain rate: dense regions such as galaxy clusters would grow denser, while the void of space would grow emptier.

Galaxies are threaded throughout our universe like a giant cosmic spider web. Their distribution is not random. Instead, they tend to cluster together. In fact, the whole cosmic web started out as tiny clumps of matter in the early universe, which gradually grew into individual galaxies, and eventually galaxy clusters and filaments.

“Throughout the cosmic time, an initially small clump of mass attracts and accumulates more and more matter from its local region through gravitational interaction. As the region becomes denser and denser, it eventually collapses under its own gravity,” says Minh Nguyen, lead author of the study and postdoctoral research fellow in the University of Michigan department of physics.

Read more here: https://www.futurity.org/cosmic-struct ... 77952-2/

[caltrek]

Largest Ever Computer Simulation of the Universe
by Govert Schilling
October 24, 2023
Introduction:

(Sky & Telescope) The Flamingo simulations are not only the largest but also the most all-encompassing simulations of the universe, from 13.75 billion years ago to today.

Using one of the most powerful supercomputers in the world, astronomers have carried out the largest ever cosmological simulations. Known as Flamingo, the simulations trace the growth of the large-scale structure of the universe over 13.75 billion years. By comparing the simulations to actual observations, scientists hope to learn about the fundamental properties of the universe that govern its long-term behavior.

Shortly after the Big Bang, the universe was filled with an almost homogeneous soup made of atoms (mostly hydrogen and helium), dark matter particles, and almost massless neutrinos. Although the average matter density was decreasing over time as space expanded, dark matter nevertheless started to clump together under its own gravity. Atoms followed suit, eventually resulting in what we observe today: a “cosmic web” of clusters and superclusters of galaxies, each galaxy containing billions of nebulae, stars, and planets.

Ever since the 1980s, astronomers have tried to reproduce this process in computer simulations. Thanks to rapid developments in computer technology, these simulations have become ever more detailed, both in size (how much space is being simulated) and in resolution (how many particles, or “elements,” are being followed). Flamingo (a convoluted acronym of Full-hydro Large-scale structure simulations with All-sky Mapping for the Interpretation of Next Generation Observations) is the largest and most complex project so far.

Conclusion:

In other words: the new Flamingo simulations might indicate that something is wrong with our cherished standard model of cosmology.

Read more of the Sky & Telescope article here: https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy- ... iverse/

For a technical description of Flamingo: https://flamingo.strw.leidenuniv.nl

For a technical presentation of results of the Flamingo simulations as presented in Oxford Academic: https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article ... gin=false

[raklian]

Interesting hypothesis in explaining the asymmetry between normal matter and dark matter. Let's see if it will stand up to future observations.

Scientists Say There May Have Been a Second Big Bang
NOV 11 by VICTOR TANGERMANN

Instead of a single Big Bang that brought the universe into existence billions of years ago, cosmologists are starting to suspect there may have been a second transformative event that could explain the vast abundance of dark matter in the universe.

https://futurism.com/second-dark-big-bang

[caltrek]

A New Possible Explanation for the Hubble Tension
December 1, 2023

Introduction:

(Eurekalert) The universe is expanding. How fast it does so is described by the so-called Hubble-Lemaitre constant. But there is a dispute about how big this constant actually is: Different measurement methods provide contradictory values. This so-called “Hubble tension” poses a puzzle for cosmologists. Researchers from the Universities of Bonn and St. Andrews are now proposing a new solution: Using an alternative theory of gravity, the discrepancy in the measured values can be easily explained - the Hubble tension disappears. The study has now been published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS).

Conclusion:

In fact, another research group recently measured the average speed of a large number of galaxies that are 600 million light years away from us. “It was found that these galaxies are moving away from us four times faster than the standard model of cosmology allows,” explains Sergij Mazurenko from Kroupa’s research group, who was involved in the current study.
…
This is because the standard model does not provide for such under-densities or “bubbles” - they should not actually exist. Instead, matter should be evenly distributed in space. If this were the case, however, it would be difficult to explain which forces propel the galaxies to their high speed.

“The standard model is based on a theory of the nature of gravity put forward by Albert Einstein,” says Kroupa. “However, the gravitational forces may behave differently than Einstein expected.” The working groups from the Universities of Bonn and St. Andrews have used a modified theory of gravity in a computer simulation. This “modified Newtonian dynamics” (abbreviation: MOND) was proposed four decades ago by the Israeli physicist Prof. Dr. Mordehai Milgrom. It is still considered an outsider theory today. “In our calculations, however, MOND does accurately predict the existence of such bubbles,” says Kroupa.

If one were to assume that gravity actually behaves according to Milgrom’s assumptions, the Hubble tension would disappear: There would actually only be one constant for the expansion of the universe, and the observed deviations would be due to irregularities in the distribution of matter.

Read more here: https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1009834

[caltrek]

JWST And Hubble Agree on The Universe's Expansion, and It's a Major Problem
by Michele Starr
March 12, 2024

Introduction:

(Science Alert) A new, precise measurement of the expansion rate of the Universe is in, and it's serving up a huge cosmic pickle.

Using Hubble data and new observations from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), a team led by physicist Adam Riess of Johns Hopkins University has confirmed that previous measurements are correct after all, despite years of debate.

Based on immense distances from our Solar System to Cepheid variable stars and Type Ia supernovae, which are used to create a 'cosmic distance ladder', our Universe does indeed appear to be expanding at 73 kilometers per second per megaparsec – a rate known as the Hubble constant.

The problem is that other methods of measuring the Hubble constant return different measurements. Scientists thought that this Hubble 'tension', as it is known, might be a human error. A new measurement with a very high confidence level – 8 sigma – means that something else is the issue.

"With measurement errors negated, what remains is the real and exciting possibility that we have misunderstood the Universe," Riess says.

Read more here: https://www.sciencealert.com/jwst-and- ... -problem