Physics News and Discussions

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New technique reveals changing shapes of magnetic noise in space and time
https://phys.org/news/2022-12-technique ... space.html
by Molly Sharlach, Princeton University

Electromagnetic noise poses a major problem for communications, prompting wireless carriers to invest heavily in technologies to overcome it. But for a team of scientists exploring the atomic realm, measuring tiny fluctuations in noise could hold the key to discovery.

"Noise is usually thought of as a nuisance, but physicists can learn many things by studying noise," said Nathalie de Leon, an associate professor of electrical and computer engineering at Princeton University. "By measuring the noise in a material, they can learn its composition, its temperature, how electrons flow and interact with one another, and how spins order to form magnets. It is generally difficult to measure anything about how the noise changes in space or time."

Using specially designed diamonds, a team of researchers at Princeton and the University of Wisconsin-Madison have developed a technique to measure noise in a material by studying correlations, and they can use this information to learn the spatial structure and time-varying nature of the noise. This technique, which relies on tracking tiny fluctuations in magnetic fields, represents a stark improvement over previous methods that averaged many separate measurements.

[weatheriscool]

First Demonstration of Energy Teleportation
https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sc ... eportation
 

Teleportation is the ability to send quantum information from one part of the universe to another, without travelling through the space in between. By sending all the information that describes a single particle and passing it to another, this second particle takes on all the characteristics of the first.

It is physically indistinguishable from the first and in a sense, becomes the first particle, albeit in a different part of the universe. Hence the name teleportation, first demonstrated in the 1990s.

Today teleportation is a standard phenomenon in quantum optics laboratories and has become a foundational technology behind the slowly emerging quantum internet.
Energy Transmission

But it has another use. In the 2000s, a Japanese physicist called Masahiro Hotta at Tohoku University took the idea further by suggesting that if teleportation can transmit information, then it should also be able to transmit energy too. He went on to develop the theoretical foundation for quantum energy teleportation.

[raklian]

First Demonstration of Energy Teleportation
https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sc ... eportation
 

Teleportation is the ability to send quantum information from one part of the universe to another, without travelling through the space in between. By sending all the information that describes a single particle and passing it to another, this second particle takes on all the characteristics of the first.

It is physically indistinguishable from the first and in a sense, becomes the first particle, albeit in a different part of the universe. Hence the name teleportation, first demonstrated in the 1990s.

Today teleportation is a standard phenomenon in quantum optics laboratories and has become a foundational technology behind the slowly emerging quantum internet.
Energy Transmission

But it has another use. In the 2000s, a Japanese physicist called Masahiro Hotta at Tohoku University took the idea further by suggesting that if teleportation can transmit information, then it should also be able to transmit energy too. He went on to develop the theoretical foundation for quantum energy teleportation.

Didn't see that one coming.

[weatheriscool]

Scientists report on a quasiparticle that can transfer heat under electrical control
https://phys.org/news/2023-02-scientist ... rical.html
by Emily Caldwell, The Ohio State University

Scientists have found the secret behind a property of solid materials known as ferroelectrics, showing that quasiparticles moving in wave-like patterns among vibrating atoms carry enough heat to turn the material into a thermal switch when an electrical field is applied externally.

A key finding of the study is that this control of thermal conductivity is attributable to the structure of the material rather than any random collisions among atoms. Specifically, the researchers describe quasiparticles called ferrons whose polarization changes as they "wiggle" in between vibrating atoms—and it's that ordered wiggling and polarization, receptive to the externally applied electrical field, that dictates the material's ability to transfer the heat at a different rate.

"We figured out that this change in position of these atoms, and the change of the nature of the vibrations, must carry heat, and therefore the external field which changes this vibration must affect the thermal conductivity," said senior author Joseph Heremans, professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering, materials science and engineering, and physics at The Ohio State University.

"People tend to think atom vibrations are a given fact and don't respond to an electric field or a magnetic field. And we are saying you can affect them with an electric field."

[weatheriscool]

An extension of FermiNet to discover quantum phase transitions
https://phys.org/news/2023-02-extension ... tions.html
by Ingrid Fadelli , Phys.org

Architectures based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) have proved to be very helpful in research settings, as they can quickly analyze vast amounts of data and make accurate predictions. In 2020, Google's British AI subsidiary DeepMind used a new ANN architecture dubbed the Fermionic neural network (FermiNet) to solve the Schrodinger equation for electrons in molecules, a central problem in the field of chemistry.

The Schroedinger equation is a partial differential equation based on well-established theory of energy conservation, which can be used to derive information about the behavior of electrons and solve problems related to the properties of matter. Using FermiNet, which is a conceptually simple method, DeepMind could solve this equation in the context of chemistry, attaining very accurate results that were comparable to those obtained using highly sophisticated quantum chemistry techniques. 

Researchers at Imperial College London, DeepMind, Lancaster University, and University of Oxford recently adapted the FermiNet architecture to tackle a quantum physics problem. In their paper, published in Physical Review Letters, they specifically used FermiNet to calculate the ground states of periodic Hamiltonians and study the homogenous electron gas (HEG), a simplified quantum mechanical model of electrons interacting in solids.

"Molecules are nice, but physicists are more concerned with solving the Schrodinger equation for solid matter," Gino Cassella, one of the researchers who carried out the study, told Phys.org. "The field of 'condensed matter physics' centers around calculating the behavior of electrons in solid materials, from the wood of your desk to the silicon inside the transistors which power your phone. Naturally, then, we were curious to know if the FermiNet could yield equally accurate solutions to the Schrodinger equation for solids."

Initially, Cassella and his colleagues set out to study the HEG model. In contrast with real solids, this simplified model of solids does not contain atoms, but merely electrons that are whizzing around on a smeared-out positively charged background, which is sometimes referred to as 'jellium' (i.e., evoking the image of electrons embedded in a positively charged jelly).

"Despite its simplicity, the HEG exhibits one of the most important phenomena in the study of condensed matter physics: a quantum phase transition, known as the Wigner transition," Cassella explained. "As the density of the HEG decreases, it undergoes a transition from a 'gassy' state to a 'crystalline' state.  We wanted to solve the Schrodinger equation with the FermiNet on either side of the Wigner transition and see how accurate the solutions we obtained are compared to current state-of-the-art methods."

Most deep learning methods used in physics research rely on the analysis of large amounts of data, yet FermiNet does not. In contrast, it leverages the 'variational principle' of quantum mechanics, which states that the energy of a guess for the wavefunction in a given system is always equal to or greater than the energy of the so-called 'ground-state wavefunction', and only equal when a guess is exactly the same as the ground-state wavefunction.

"This ground-state wavefunction and its corresponding energy is exactly the solution we are looking for," Cassella said. "What this means is that we can use the energy as an objective function that we want to make as low as possible, this is what machine learning practitioners would call a 'loss function'. In essence, we train our neural networks guided solely by the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics."

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Nanoparticles perform ultralong distance communication, have 'no counterpart or analogue in nature'
https://phys.org/news/2023-02-nanoparti ... rpart.html
by Amanda Morris, Northwestern University

Northwestern University chemists have designed a new photonic lattice with properties never before seen in nature. In solid materials, atoms must be equally spaced apart and close enough together to interact effectively. Now, new architectures based on stacked lattices of nanoparticles show interactions across unprecedentedly large distances.

When one lattice is stacked on top of the other, the nanoparticles can still interact with each other—even when the vertical separation among particles is 1,000 times the distance of the particle-to-particle spacing within the horizontal plane.

Because the nanoparticles can communicate across ultralong distances, the stacked architecture offers potential applications in remote sensing and detection.

The study was published this week (Feb. 13) in the journal Nature Nanotechnology.

"This type of long-range coupling has not been observed before for any stacked periodic material," said Teri Odom, a senior author of the study. "Other electronic or photonic stacked layers are separated vertically by a spacing similar to the horizontal periodicity of the building unit in the single layer. This is an entirely new class of engineered materials that have no counterpart or analogue in nature."

A nanotechnology expert, Odom is chair of Northwestern's chemistry department and the Joan Hustling Madden and William H. Madden Jr. Professor of Chemistry in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences. She also is a member of the International Institute of Nanotechnology and the Chemistry of Life Processes Institute. Northwestern co-authors include George Schatz, the Charles E. and Emma H. Morrison Professor of Chemistry at Weinberg.

To design the new material, Odom and her team took inspiration from moiré patterns, a geometrical design created by two patterns of identical periodic lattices.

The researchers first patterned photonic lattices consisting of two-dimensional arrays of nanoparticles with separations that promoted horizontal coupling, resulting in single-layer optical materials. Then, they stacked identical nanoparticle lattices on top of each other to create two-layered and multilayered lattices with new optical properties not accessible from one layer alone.

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Physicists make most precise measurement yet of magnetic moment of an electron
https://phys.org/news/2023-02-physicist ... ctron.html
by Bob Yirka , Phys.org

A combined team of physicists from Harvard University and Northwestern University has found the most precise value yet for the magnetic moment of an electron. In their paper published in the journal Physical Review Letters, the group describes the methods they used to measure properties of an electron and implications of the new precision.

The magnetic moment of an electron, also known as the electron magnetic dipole moment, results from its electric and spin properties. Of all the elementary properties that have been studied, it is the one that has been the most precisely measured, and also the most accurately verified.

Measuring the magnetic moment of an electron to ever higher standards of accuracy is important because physicists believe that at some point, such measurements will help to complete the standard model of physics. In this new effort, the research group has measured the magnetic moment to a precision twice that of any other effort—the last best effort was 14 years ago.

Physicists use the magnetic moment of particles like electrons to test the standard model by studying interactions between them and virtual particles that come into existence inside of a vacuum chamber. Such study involves measuring the affect of collisions on both the magnetic moment and its g factor and then comparing the results to what is described by the standard model.

[weatheriscool]

South Korea debuts first search for DFSZ axion dark matter
https://phys.org/news/2023-02-south-kor ... axion.html
by Institute for Basic Science

A South Korean research team at the Center for Axion and Precision Physics Research (CAPP) within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) recently announced the most advanced experimental setup to search for axions. The group has successfully taken its first step toward the search for Dine-Fischler-Srednicki-Zhitnitsky (DFSZ) axion dark matter originating from the Grand Unification Theory (GUT). Not only that, the IBS-CAPP experimental setup allows for far greater search speed compared to any other axion search experiments in the world.

The notion of physics being "dead" has been a recurrent opinion across history. In the late 19th century, William Thompson, also known as Lord Kelvin, erroneously believed that there would be no new discovery in physics after 1900. Likewise, some have thought that there were no new particles to be found after neutrons were discovered in the 1930s. Even today, some worry that modern theoretical physics is at a dead end.

[DouglasTheKing]

Scientists have discovered a new state of matter called "liquid glass," which has properties of both a solid and a liquid. Scientists have discovered a new state of matter called "liquid glass," which has solid and liquid properties. Mathematics and physics are my favorite sciences. I am learning them with [spam link removed] because this source helps me study pre-algebra and find solutions to exercises like converting numbers to a fraction. So discover resources with math news and help since this is a more effective way of researching mathematics and physics and finding solutions and answers to math questions. Now read more about the article.

This discovery was made by a team of researchers at the University of Edinburgh, who used computer simulations to study the behavior of glasses at the molecular level. They found that at low temperatures, glasses can enter a state where their molecules become locked in a disordered, non-crystalline structure that behaves like a liquid.

The researchers believe that this discovery could help explain the strange behavior of glasses, which have properties that are different from those of ordinary solids and liquids. For example, glasses are often brittle and can shatter easily, but they can also flow like a liquid over long periods of time.

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Observing phononic skyrmions based on the hybrid spin of elastic waves
https://phys.org/news/2023-02-phononic- ... astic.html
by Thamarasee Jeewandara , Phys.org

Skyrmions are extremely small with diameters in the nanoscale, and they behave as particles suited for information storage and logic technologies. In 1961, Tony Skyrme formulated a manifestation of the first topological defect to model a particle and coined it as skyrmions. Such particles with topologically stable configurations can launch a promising route toward establishing high-density magnetic and phononic (a discrete unit of quantum vibrational mechanical energy) information processing routes.

In a new report published in Science Advances, Liyun Cao and a team of researchers at the University of Lorraine CNRS, France, experimentally developed phononic skyrmions as new topological structures by using the three-dimensional (3D) hybrid spin of elastic waves. The researchers observed the frequency-independent spin configurations and their progression toward the formation of ultra-broadband phononic skyrmions that could be produced on any solid structure.

The new research work opens a vibrant horizon to regulate elastic waves and structures based on spin configuration, thus offering alternative phononic technologies well suited for information processing, biomedical testing and wave engineering applications.

[weatheriscool]

Physicists Use Quantum Mechanics to Pull Energy out of Nothing

For their latest magic trick, physicists have done the quantum equivalent of conjuring energy out of thin air. It’s a feat that seems to fly in the face of physical law and common sense. “You can’t extract energy directly from the vacuum because there’s nothing there to give,” said William Unruh, a theoretical physicist at the University of British Columbia, describing the standard way of thinking. But 15 years ago, Masahiro Hotta, a theoretical physicist at Tohoku University in Japan, proposed that perhaps the vacuum could, in fact, be coaxed into giving something up.

At first, many researchers ignored this work, suspicious that pulling energy from the vacuum was implausible, at best. Those who took a closer look, however, realized that Hotta was suggesting a subtly different quantum stunt. The energy wasn’t free; it had to be unlocked using knowledge purchased with energy in a far-off location. From this perspective, Hotta’s procedure looked less like creation and more like teleportation of energy from one place to another — a strange but less offensive idea.

“That was a real surprise,” said Unruh, who has collaborated with Hotta but has not been involved in energy teleportation research. “It’s a really neat result that he discovered.” Now in the past year, researchers have teleported energy across microscopic distances in two separate quantum devices, vindicating Hotta’s theory. The research leaves little room for doubt that energy teleportation is a genuine quantum phenomenon. “This really does test it,” said Seth Lloyd, a quantum physicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who was not involved in the research. “You are actually teleporting. You are extracting energy.”

more... https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicis ... -20230222/

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Scientists Levitate a Glass Nanosphere, Controlling Quantum State for an Object for the First Time
Guardian mag February 27, 2023
https://www.guardianmag.us/2023/02/scie ... phere.html

Quantum mechanics deals with the behavior of the Universe at the super-small scale: atoms and subatomic particles that operate in ways that classical physics can't explain.

In order to explore this tension between the quantum and the classical, scientists are constantly attempting to get larger and larger objects to behave in a quantum-like way.

Back in 2021, a team succeeded with a tiny glass nanosphere that was 100 nanometers in diameter – about a thousand times smaller than the thickness of a human hair.

To our minds that's very, very small, but in terms of quantum physics, it's actually rather huge, made of up to 10 million atoms.

Pushing such a nanosphere into the realm of quantum mechanics was a huge achievement. Using carefully calibrated laser lights, the nanosphere was suspended in its lowest quantum mechanical state, one of extremely limited motion where quantum behavior can start to happen.

"This is the first time that such a method has been used to control the quantum state of a macroscopic object in free space," said Lukas Novotny, a professor of photonics from ETH Zurich in Switzerland, back in July 2021.

To achieve quantum states, movement and energy must be dialed right down. Novotny and his colleagues used a vacuum container cooled down to -269 degrees Celsius (-452 degrees Fahrenheit) before using a feedback system to make further adjustments.

[caltrek]

Yes, Everything in Physics Is Completely Made Up – That’s the Whole Point
Dr. Katie Mack
March 3, 2023

Extract::

(Science Focus) Researching a cosmic mystery like dark matter has its downsides. On the one hand, it’s exciting to be on the road to what might be a profound scientific discovery. On the other hand, it’s hard to convince people it’s worth studying something that’s invisible, untouchable, and apparently made of something entirely unknown.

While the vast majority of physicists find the evidence for dark matter’s existence convincing, some continue to examine alternatives, and the views in the press and the public are significantly more divided. The most common response I get when I talk about dark matter is: “isn’t this just something physicists made up to make the math work out?”

The answer to that might surprise you: yes! In fact, everything in physics is made up to make the math work out

…physics isn’t built around ultimate truth, but rather the constant production and refinement of mathematical approximations. It’s not just because we’ll never have perfect precision in our observations. It’s that, fundamentally, the entire point of physics is to create a model universe in math - a set of equations that remain true when we plug in numbers from observations of physical phenomena.
…
It may be that in the future, we find some solution that we prefer to a wavefunction and we abandon that concept altogether. But if we do, it will be because the math stopped working out: we’ll have some experimental or observational result that doesn’t add up when we put the data into our current equations. Then, if we’re doing our jobs right, we’ll find a new set of equations that better describe the electron’s behaviour, and we’ll give those equations names and conceptual analogies and textbooks will be written saying “this is what’s really happening.”

Read more here: https://www.sciencefocus.com/news/ever ... et-newtab

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Counterportation': Quantum breakthrough paves way for world-first experimental wormhole
https://phys.org/news/2023-03-counterpo ... first.html
by University of Bristol

One of the first practical applications of the much-hyped but little-used quantum computing technology is now within reach, thanks to a unique approach that sidesteps the major problem of scaling up such prototypes.

The invention, by a University of Bristol physicist, who gave it the name "counterportation," provides the first-ever practical blueprint for creating in the lab a wormhole that verifiably bridges space, as a probe into the inner workings of the universe.

By deploying a novel computing scheme, revealed in the journal Quantum Science and Technology, which harnesses the basic laws of physics, a small object can be reconstituted across space without any particles crossing. Among other things, it provides a "smoking gun" for the existence of a physical reality underpinning our most accurate description of the world.

[weatheriscool]

Team first to detect neutrinos made by a particle collider
https://phys.org/news/2023-03-team-neut ... lider.html
by University of California, Irvine

In a scientific first, a team led by physicists at the University of California, Irvine has detected neutrinos created by a particle collider. The discovery promises to deepen scientists' understanding of the subatomic particles, which were first spotted in 1956 and play a key role in the process that makes stars burn.

The work could also shed light on cosmic neutrinos that travel large distances and collide with the Earth, providing a window on distant parts of the universe.

It's the latest result from the Forward Search Experiment, or FASER, a particle detector designed and built by an international group of physicists and installed at CERN, the European Council for Nuclear Research in Geneva, Switzerland. There, FASER detects particles produced by CERN's Large Hadron Collider.

"We've discovered neutrinos from a brand-new source—particle colliders—where you have two beams of particles smash together at extremely high energy," said UC Irvine particle physicist and FASER Collaboration Co-Spokesman Jonathan Feng, who initiated the project, which involves over 80 researchers at UCI and 21 partner institutions.

Brian Petersen, a particle physicist at CERN, announced the results Sunday on behalf of FASER at the 57th Rencontres de Moriond Electroweak Interactions and Unified Theories conference in Italy.

[weatheriscool]

ATLAS and CMS observe simultaneous production of four top quarks
https://phys.org/news/2023-03-atlas-cms ... uarks.html
by Naomi Dinmore, CERN

Today, at the Moriond conference, the ATLAS and CMS collaborations have both presented the observation of a very rare process: the simultaneous production of four top quarks. They were observed using data from collisions during Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).

Both experiments' results pass the required five-sigma statistical significance to count as an observation—ATLAS's observation with 6.1 sigma, higher than the expected significance of 4.3 sigma, and CMS's observation with 5.5 sigma, higher than the expected 4.9 sigma—making them the first observations of this process.

The top quark is the heaviest particle in the Standard Model, meaning it is the particle with the strongest ties to the Higgs boson. This makes top quarks ideal for looking for signs of physics beyond the Standard Model.

There are a variety of ways to produce a top quark. Most commonly, they are observed in quark and antiquark pairs, and occasionally on their own. According to Standard Model theory, four top quarks—consisting of two top quark–antiquark pairs—can be produced simultaneously.

[weatheriscool]

Scientists Levitate a Glass Nanosphere, Controlling Quantum State for an Object for the First Time
Guardian mag February 27, 2023
https://www.guardianmag.us/2023/02/scie ... phere.html

Quantum mechanics deals with the behavior of the Universe at the super-small scale: atoms and subatomic particles that operate in ways that classical physics can't explain.

In order to explore this tension between the quantum and the classical, scientists are constantly attempting to get larger and larger objects to behave in a quantum-like way.

Back in 2021, a team succeeded with a tiny glass nanosphere that was 100 nanometers in diameter – about a thousand times smaller than the thickness of a human hair.

To our minds that's very, very small, but in terms of quantum physics, it's actually rather huge, made of up to 10 million atoms.

Pushing such a nanosphere into the realm of quantum mechanics was a huge achievement. Using carefully calibrated laser lights, the nanosphere was suspended in its lowest quantum mechanical state, one of extremely limited motion where quantum behavior can start to happen.

"This is the first time that such a method has been used to control the quantum state of a macroscopic object in free space," said Lukas Novotny, a professor of photonics from ETH Zurich in Switzerland, back in July 2021.

[weatheriscool]

A robust quantum memory that stores information in a trapped-ion quantum network
https://phys.org/news/2023-03-robust-qu ... twork.html
by Ingrid Fadelli , Phys.org

Researchers at University of Oxford have recently created a quantum memory within a trapped-ion quantum network node. Their unique memory design, introduced in a paper in Physical Review Letters, has been found to be extremely robust, meaning that it could store information for long periods of time despite ongoing network activity.

"We are building a network of quantum computers, which use trapped ions to store and process quantum information," Peter Drmota, one of the researchers who carried out the study, told Phys.org. "To connect quantum processing devices, we use single photons emitted from a single atomic ion and utilize quantum entanglement between this ion and the photons."

Trapped ions, charged atomic particles that are confined in space using electromagnetic fields, are a commonly used platform for realizing quantum computations. Photons (i.e., the particles of light), on the other hand, are generally used to transmit quantum information between distant nodes. Drmota and his colleagues have been exploring the possibility of combining trapped ions with photons, to create more powerful quantum technologies.

"Until now, we have implemented a reliable way of interfacing strontium ions and photons, and used this to generate high-quality remote entanglement between two distant network nodes," Drmota said. "On the other hand, high-fidelity quantum logic and long-lasting memories have been developed for calcium ions. In this experiment, we combine these capabilities for the first time, and show that it is possible to create high-quality entanglement between a strontium ion and a photon and thereafter store this entanglement in a nearby calcium ion."

Integrating a quantum memory into a network node is a challenging task, as the criteria that need to be fulfilled for such a system to work are higher than those required for the creation of a standalone quantum processor. Most notably, the developed memory would need to be robust against concurrent network activity.

[weatheriscool]

Experiment finds gluon mass in the proton
https://phys.org/news/2023-03-gluon-mass-proton.html
by Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility

Nuclear physicists may have finally pinpointed where in the proton a large fraction of its mass resides. A recent experiment carried out at the U.S. Department of Energy's Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility has revealed the radius of the proton's mass that is generated by the strong force as it glues together the proton's building block quarks. The result was recently published in Nature.

One of the biggest mysteries of the proton is the origin of its mass. It turns out that the proton's measured mass doesn't just come from its physical building blocks, its three so-called valence quarks.

"If you add up the Standard Model masses of the quarks in a proton, you only get a small fraction of the proton's mass," explained experiment co-spokesperson Sylvester Joosten, an experimental physicist at DOE's Argonne National Laboratory.

Over the last few decades, nuclear physicists have tentatively pieced together that the proton's mass comes from several sources. First, it gets some mass from the masses of its quarks, and some more from their movements. Next, it gets mass from the strong force energy that glues those quarks together, with this force manifesting as "gluons." Lastly, it gets mass from the dynamic interactions of the proton's quarks and gluons.

This new measurement may have finally shed some light on the mass that is generated by the proton's gluons by pinpointing the location of the matter generated by these gluons. The radius of this core of matter was found to reside at the center of the proton. The result also seems to indicate that this core has a different size than the proton's well-measured charge radius, a quantity that is often used as a proxy for the proton's size.

"The radius of this mass structure is smaller than the charge radius, and so it kind of gives us a sense of the hierarchy of the mass versus the charge structure of the nucleon," said experiment co-spokesperson Mark Jones, Jefferson Lab's Halls A&C leader.

[weatheriscool]

Absolute Zero Is Attainable? Scientists Have Found a Quantum Formulation for the Third Law of Thermodynamics

https://scitechdaily.com/absolute-zero- ... odynamics/
By Vienna University of Technology April 6, 2023
Quantum Complexity Absolute Zero

Erasing data perfectly and attaining the lowest possible temperature may appear unrelated, but they share a strong connection. Researchers at TU Wien have discovered a quantum formulation for the third law of thermodynamics.

The temperature of absolute zero, which is the lowest temperature possible, is -273.15 degrees Celsius. However, it is impossible to reach this temperature as objects can only get close to it. This concept is known as the third law of thermodynamics.

A group of researchers at TU Wien (Vienna) has recently explored the compatibility of the third law of thermodynamics with the principles of quantum physics. They successfully formulated a “quantum version” of this law, which posits that reaching absolute zero is theoretically possible. However, any viable method for achieving this requires three components: energy, time, and complexity. Absolute zero can only be attained if one of these elements is available in infinite supply.