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2032-2037
A transition from ICE to battery-electric shipping
During this period, battery-electric propulsion becomes affordable for the majority of containership routes around the world. The industry is now shifting rapidly away from traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) powered systems, with even some of the larger vessels undergoing full electrification, both newly built and retrofitted older ships.
Until recently, ship owners often held outdated assumptions on battery costs, energy density values, and available on-board space.* While car, truck, and other road vehicle brands attracted much attention for going electric and hybrid, emerging opportunities in cargo ship transport appeared less obvious. Batteries had long been perceived as heavy, expensive, impractical devices for bulk and container shipping. In reality, however, sea freight lagged only a few years behind land-based vehicles in terms of disruptive trends and would soon be undergoing a major transformation of its own.
Low-tech, short-term measures had initially been introduced to cut ship emissions – such as route optimisation, slow steaming, and hull fouling management. Alternative fuels had also been mandated by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) to lower the sulphur content of fuel for all ocean-going vessels from 3.5% to 0.5%, which came into force on 1st January 2020.*
Some long-haul routes began to use hybrid-electric systems, combining existing generator engines with hydrogen fuel cells and/or energy storage,* but a fully electric configuration remained limited to ferries and small shuttles.
A cargo ship with 100% battery power had been demonstrated in 2021. Yara Birkeland, jointly developed by Norwegian chemical firm Yara International and maritime technology company Kongsberg Group, sailed 35 nautical miles (65 km) around the coast of Norway using 7 MWh batteries. Although relatively modest in scale, with a cargo capacity of 120 TEU ("twenty-foot equivalent unit") and length of only 79 m (260 ft), Yara Birkeland proved the feasibility of zero-emission cargo shipping and included fully autonomous capability too.*
That same year, a coalition of major companies including Amazon and Ikea announced a new initiative, Cargo Owners for Zero Emission Vessels (coZEV) with a goal of moving to zero-carbon shipping by 2040.*
In 2022, shipping group Maersk announced plans to install hundreds of offshore charging stations around the world, allowing vessels to power themselves with electricity instead of fossil fuels while idling outside ports.*
Another company, Fleetzero, began converting diesel ships to battery-electric in 2025* and designed a new electric ship, the MVE7, for long-distance cargo. Fleetzero also developed a battery-swapping solution that enabled smaller ports to effectively function as charging stations and exchange points.
Credit: Fleetzero
New environmental regulations, alongside further improvements in cost and energy density, led to booming demand and rapid innovation in battery-electric propulsion systems during the second half of the decade.* Between 2022 and 2029, the economic viability and range of electrified cargo ships roughly doubled, with routes as long as 6,000 km becoming feasible for some size classes.*
These advances continued into the 2030s. An additional economic advantage came from considering the environmental and health impacts incurred during a ship's life cycle, which studies had shown to be 12 times higher for heavy oil and diesel-powered vessels. Governments and international organisations appeared increasingly keen to incorporate these air pollution damages and social costs into their regulatory regimes.
The disparity between traditional and fully electric container vessels only widened, with even greater energy densities and lower costs achieved. In 2029, 40% of the world's cargo shipping routes had become technically and economically viable for battery-electric propulsion.* With a tipping point now reached, the majority (>50%) of routes have either been electrified or are being considered for electrification during the 2032-2037 period. While many older vessels will remain in service for years to come, the global fleet now appears on track to be nearly carbon neutral by mid-century. In 2020, international freight accounted for between 2-3% of global energy-related CO2 emissions. Without decarbonisation, this figure had been projected to reach 17% by 2050.*
Widespread automation is accompanying the increased sustainability of shipping, both in terms of navigation and the loading/unloading process, as well as recharging and battery swapping at ports. In addition, cargo capacities are becoming larger than ever. Some vessels will reach 50,000 TEU by the 2060s.
Larger battery-electric ships can function as emergency back-up power plants during increasingly common extreme events leading to power supply disruptions. Energy storage capacities of 5–10 GWh, achieved during the 2030s, can provide enough generation to mitigate blackouts affecting 1 million or more people.*
2032-2033
Heavy cargo deployments to the lunar surface
Following the successes of earlier Artemis missions – including the historic return of humans to the Moon, the assembly of the Lunar Gateway, and expanded surface explorations – NASA's Artemis VII and VIII represent a new phase in lunar development. Having demonstrated human landing systems, the agency is now focusing on heavy cargo deployments to establish a more permanent presence.
In 2032, SpaceX's massive Starship rocket delivers a pressurised rover, known as the "Lunar Cruiser", to the Moon's surface. Developed jointly by Toyota and the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), this vehicle can accommodate two crew members without the need for spacesuits. With enough oxygen and supplies for up to 30 days, it greatly expands the range and duration of exploration activities, providing a mobile habitat and laboratory for extended missions.
The Lunar Cruiser has a length of 6 m (19.7 ft), width of 5.2 m (17.1 ft), and height of 3.8 m (12.5 ft), providing an internal living space of 13 cubic metres.* Although its crew capacity is two, it can hold four people in the event of an emergency. To help with dangerous terrain or difficult situations, the vehicle features advanced driving assistance, including safe route generation and an augmented reality display. Powered by a retractable solar panel and fuel cell, it remains in operation for 10 years, covering thousands of miles of rocky landscape.*
The following year, in 2033, private aerospace company Blue Origin deploys a cargo lander known as Blue Moon. Designed for heavy payloads, Blue Moon is a versatile lander able to carry large-scale infrastructure to support human exploration. This delivers a lunar surface habitat to the Moon.
Standing approximately 16 m (52 ft) in height, the structure includes living quarters, life support systems, stowage volume, support for external robotics, and communication arrays for maintaining contact with the orbiting Lunar Gateway.
Initially, this serves as an outpost for crew visits of up to 60 days. Over time, however, it becomes part of a modular infrastructure, with additional components delivered and integrated to form a larger, permanent base capable of supporting multiple astronauts for much longer periods. As such, it will function as the precursor to a more advanced lunar base planned for construction from 2035–2040.
Credit: Blue Origin
2032
End of support date for Windows 10
Microsoft released Windows 10, the direct successor to its Windows 8.1 operating system, in July 2015. It received positive reviews, surpassing Windows 7 as the most popular version of Windows worldwide by 2018. More than a billion devices were running Windows 10 by 2020, leading to a peak market share of 82% of all Windows PCs in early 2022 and 58% of all PCs (the rest being other Windows editions and other operating systems such as macOS and Linux). This share began to decline as Windows 11, launched in October 2021, became increasingly popular.
Microsoft announced 14th October 2025 as the retirement date for Windows 10 Home and Pro, a little over 10 years after their initial release, which had become the standard lifecycle length for major Windows versions. However, extended support would be offered for enterprise/IoT versions until 13th January 2032 as part of the Long-Term Servicing Channel (LTSC).*
After this date, no new security updates, non-security updates, free or paid assisted support options or online technical content updates are offered. This means that computers without a newer version are now vulnerable to hackers or malware. By 2032, a 14th generation of Windows has become available, as the family of operating systems enters its 47th year.
Windows 10. Used with permission from Microsoft.
Brisbane hosts the Summer Olympic Games
In July and August 2032, Australia hosts the summer Olympic Games for the third time in its history. The previous two venues had been Melbourne in 1956 and Sydney in 2000. This time, Brisbane is the chosen location, on the country's east coast. This also marks only the second occasion that the Summer Games have been held in a Southern Hemisphere winter, after the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.
In addition to Brisbane itself, events are held at the nearby Gold Coast (to the south) and Sunshine Coast (to the north), using venues from the 2018 Commonwealth Games. A fourth "Regional Zone" is established for games of football at more distant locations. Several new sports centres and stadiums are constructed in time for 2032. Transport connections between the three main regions are also improved. The total cost of both the Olympic and Paralympic Games – initially put at $5 billion – subsequently overruns. However, it is far lower than the $26 billion budget for Tokyo 2020, the most expensive Games in history.
The Strait of Messina Bridge is completed
A long-stalled bridge between Sicily and mainland Italy is finally completed in 2032.* This crossing had been proposed in ancient times, but the first detailed plans only began to emerge in the 1990s. Following a series of delays and cancellations, Giorgia Meloni's government revived the project in 2023 and construction officially began the following year.*
The Strait of Messina Bridge, costing €4.5 billion ($5 billion), is the longest suspension bridge on earth. Its main span of 3,300 m (10,800 ft) easily surpasses the previous record holders – China's recently completed Zhangjiagang-Jingjiang-Rugao Bridge with its span of 2,300 m (7,550 ft) and the 2,023 m (6,637 ft) Çanakkale Bridge in Turkey, which held the record before that. It also has the tallest structural height of any bridge, with its towers reaching 382.6 m (1,255 ft), exceeding the 341 m (1,119 ft) Millau Viaduct in France. For comparison, this is taller than the roof height of the Empire State Building.
The bridge has three vehicle lanes in each direction (two for regular traffic, one for emergencies), and one for rail. It supports the crossing of six million vehicles and 60,000 trains each year, bringing Sicily's five million residents closer to the rest of the continent. The bridge forms part of the Berlin–Palermo railway axis (Line 1) of the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T).
With high structural integrity, the Strait of Messina Bridge is designed to withstand earthquakes of 7.5 magnitude. The deck's aerodynamic stability can resist winds of up to 300 km/h (186 mph), corresponding to a return period of over 2,000 years. This megaproject boosts the national economy of Italy by €2.9 billion each year, equal to 0.17% of gross domestic product (GDP).*
The majority of UK homes are rented
By 2032, house prices in the UK have become so unaffordable that the majority of people are forced to take rented accommodation.* This trend first began to emerge during the Blair years of the late 90s and early 2000s. It could be argued, however, that the problem originated as far back as 1980,* when the Conservative government led by Margaret Thatcher passed the Housing Act. This led to a fall in socially rented housing – as council tenants were given the legal right to buy, at a large discount, the home they were living in – while councils were prevented from reinvesting most of the proceeds from these sales into building new homes.* Many tenants who had purchased these council flats later profited from them as buy-to-let landlords* – effectively subsidised by taxpayers – or sold them to speculators, investors and property firms. About 1.5 million council homes were sold by 2003 and this figure had reached 2 million by 2015.
A failure to construct enough new homes,** combined with rapid population growth,* resulted in a serious lack of supply during the early 21st century. Other factors included changes in the employment landscape, a rise in the number of students, later marriage and rising separation rates. Having been relatively stable for most of the 20th century, the average cost of a UK home rose from £50K in 1995 to £184K by 2007.* During this same period, mortgage payments as a percentage of income soared from 18% to more than 50%.* The problem was compounded by stagnant wage growth (below inflation), a decline in the level of household savings (from 16% in the early 90s, to just 6% within two decades) and tighter lending requirements in the aftermath of the Great Recession.*
Subsequent attempts to rectify the situation included policies such as the "Help to Buy" scheme, but these only exacerbated the problem by creating artificially inflated demand.* The fundamental issue was lack of supply – but government funding and policies came nowhere near close enough to addressing this point with only a tinkering around the edges to boost housing stock. Because of these failures, less than half – 49% – of UK households are homeowners by 2032 – the first time since the early 70s that a majority of people are renting. One-third of households are now renting privately, twice as many as in 2015. London and the southeast of England have been particularly affected, due to a massive influx of foreign billionaires pouring money into the region and pushing up land values. The gap between rich and poor – and between the younger and older generations* – has now grown to be wider than ever, creating an ever more polarised and unequal society.*
Britain's ash trees have been wiped out by a fungal disease
Ash dieback, caused by the fungus Chalara fraxinea,* killed huge numbers of trees from the mid-1990s onwards, particularly in eastern and northern Europe. Up to 90% of ash trees were affected in Denmark. The fungus was first scientifically described in 2006.
It was discovered in the UK during 2012, initially only on imported nursery stock, but in October of that year it was found on trees at two sites of established woodland in the East Anglia region. This occurred despite clear warnings from ecologists and foresters that imports of seedlings from the continent should be banned in case of infection.*
Despite efforts to contain the disease, it was impossible to stop.* Within a few weeks, Chalara fraxinea was confirmed in dozens of other locations. Over the next two decades, it spread throughout the country, wiping out most of the 90 million ash trees in Britain.*
Many plant species, birds and other animals dependent upon the trees for survival were also lost,* at a time when their numbers were already in sharp decline.** With ash trees forming a significant proportion of the UK's woodland, an eerie silence is descending on many areas of countryside, with birdsongs and other wildlife becoming ever rarer.
Leatherback sea turtle populations have collapsed
Growing up to 2.7 metres (8 ft 10 in) in length and weighing nearly 700 kilograms (1,550 lb), leatherbacks are the largest turtles on Earth. They can dive to depths of 1,200 metres (nearly 4,000 feet) and make trans-Pacific migrations from Indonesia to the U.S. Pacific coast and back again. These ancient reptiles are the only remaining members of a family of turtles with evolutionary roots going back 100 million years.
After mating at sea, females come ashore during the breeding season to nest. At night, they excavate a hole in the sand, depositing about 100 eggs. This is filled with sand, to hide the clutch from predators, before the mother returns to the sea.
Once common throughout the world, leatherback populations declined rapidly during the 20th century and into the early 21st. At the Jamursba Medi Beach in Papua Barat, Indonesia – accounting for 75% of all sightings in the western Pacific – nest numbers fell from 14,500 in 1984 to less than 1,400 in 2017.*
Several problems affected leatherback turtles: beach predators, such as pigs and dogs introduced to islands, which ate turtle eggs; rising temperatures on sands that killed eggs and skewed sex ratios by reducing the production of male hatchlings; the danger of being caught by fisheries during migrations; and harvesting of adults and eggs for food by islanders. In addition, plastic waste became a huge and growing threat during the 21st century, especially plastic bags mistaken for their favourite food (jellyfish). Researchers found some individuals with almost 5 kilograms (11 lbs) of ingested plastic in their stomachs.
By the early 2030s, leatherback turtle populations have plummeted even further worldwide. Although nesting sites still exist, their numbers have dropped to such critically low levels that the species can no longer sustain its population in the wild – and is now on a clear path toward extinction.*
China's space station is deorbited
China's first space station has reached the end of its 10-year lifespan.* After a decade of onboard research, it is abandoned and sent into a decaying orbit. A new, larger and more advanced space station is now in the process of being constructed.
One-third of Saudi Arabia's electricity comes from solar
In 2012, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia had only 0.003 gigawatts (GW) of installed solar energy capacity. More than half of its electricity was created from burning oil. By 2032, however, it has 41 GW of installed solar energy, accounting for a third of the nation's 121 GW total energy demand.* About 25 GW is produced by solar thermal plants, which use mirrors to focus energy from the sun on heating fluids, which in turn run turbines. The other 16 GW is provided by massive photovoltaic farms. This has been a result of considerable foreign investment, as well as the wealth produced by fossil fuels, totalling over $100 billion. Though several other nations have more extensive solar infrastructure, this has been one of the most ambitious projects, especially considering Saudi Arabia's old position as the world's largest exporter of crude oil.
The enormous expanses of desert, as well as measurably more intense sunlight in the equatorial regions, gives the country a huge amount of room to expand further. Even larger projects are now planned. Construction is also underway on high voltage cables connecting Saudi Arabia to neighbouring countries and some in Southern Europe. Eventually, this will be expanded to include all of Europe and Northern Africa.* Alongside solar, another 21 GW is generated by a combination of nuclear, wind, and geothermal power.* Through nuclear cooperation agreements with China, France, South Korea and Argentina, Saudi Arabia has now constructed 16 new nuclear reactors.* Longer term, the country has further ambitions to be powered entirely by renewables. Much of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia is now transitioning away from energy production to the manufacture of plastics and polymers.*
These developments, coupled with the fact that it remains one of the wealthiest countries in the region, are helping Saudi Arabia transition to a more sustainable long-term future. Additionally, its strong military, ties to the West, and extensive desalination infrastructure have allowed Saudi Arabia to remain relatively stable compared to some of its neighbours.
SolarGIS © 2012 GeoModel Solar s.r.o.
Britain upgrades its nuclear-armed submarine fleet
Britain was the third country (after the U.S. and the Soviet Union) to test an independently developed nuclear weapon, in 1952. From 1969 onwards the country always had at least one ballistic-missile submarine on patrol, creating a nuclear deterrent that the Defence Council described in 1980 as "effectively invulnerable to pre-emptive attack".
Until the 1990s, Britain had deployed a variety of nuclear weapons on Royal Navy carriers, V bombers and other aircraft around the world. However, these were gradually withdrawn. The retirement of the WE.177, in both air-dropped free-fall and depth charge versions, was the final stage of this decommissioning process, in 1998. This left a group of four Vanguard submarines (armed with Trident II D5s) as Britain's only nuclear weapons platform. Britain retained a stockpile of about 215 thermonuclear warheads, with 120 operational as of 2016.
A decision to renew the Trident-armed submarines was made in 2006, with Prime Minister Tony Blair warning that it would be "unwise and dangerous" for Britain to give up its nuclear weapons. Although the Cold War had ended, the UK still needed nuclear weapons, said Blair, as no-one could be sure another nuclear threat would not emerge in the future. He outlined plans to spend up to £20bn on a new generation of submarines for Trident missiles.
However, the Trident programme was to prove highly controversial, with costs escalating considerably. This was an especially divisive topic in the wake of the 2008 financial crash and the subsequent years of austerity and cuts to public services. By 2016, the Ministry of Defence had revised the cost of building, testing and commissioning the replacement vessels to £31 billion (plus a contingency fund of £10 billion) over 35 years, about 6 per cent of defence spending every year. Nevertheless, MPs voted to back the renewal in a vote of 472 to 117. Alongside this programme, the government reiterated its commitment to multilateral nuclear disarmament, promising to reduce Britain's stockpile of nuclear warheads to 180 by the mid-2020s.
Trident was based on the idea of Mutually Assured Destruction – it aimed to deter a nuclear attack on Britain by guaranteeing a retaliatory strike against any potential aggressor. After succeeding David Cameron as Prime Minister, one of Theresa May's first jobs was to write a "letter of last resort" authorising the use of Trident missiles in the event of such a nightmare scenario. Each of the Vanguard submarines contained a safe with one of these sealed letters, which of course it was hoped would never have to be used. David Cameron's previous letters were destroyed.
Previously named Successor class, it was announced in October 2016 that the new submarines would be renamed as the Dreadnought class. After the parliamentary vote on the upgrade programme, construction began soon afterwards.* The first new submarine would begin operation by 2028 and the existing fleet of Vanguard submarines is phased out by 2032,* after more than 40 years of service. Each missile is 13 m (44 ft) long, weighing 58.5 tons (130,000 lb), with a range of 11,300 kilometres (7,000 mi), a top speed of 18,030 mph (29,020 km/h) (Mach 24) and target accuracy to within a few feet.
Despite its diminishing power in the world, Britain retains a nuclear deterrent for long into the future and plays a key role in maintaining global security. Dreadnought-class submarines remain in service until the 2060s,* by which time they are replaced by automated and crewless vessels.
Dreadnought-class submarine, 2030s.
Transit of Mercury
A transit of Mercury takes place when the planet Mercury passes directly (transits) between the Sun and a superior planet, becoming visible against (and hence obscuring a small portion of) the solar disk. During a transit, Mercury appears as a tiny black dot moving across the disk of the Sun.
A transit of Mercury occurs on 13th November 2032.* The last time this happened was 11th November 2019. After 2032, the next occasion is in 2039, with a further eight transits during the remainder of the 21st century. Each transit typically lasts for several hours.
Transits of Venus with respect to Earth can also occur – although these are rarer, since Venus is further from the Sun and orbits more slowly. Rarer still are simultaneous transits of both Mercury and Venus. Such an event last occurred in 373,173 BC and the next occurs on 26th July 69,163.
Close approach of the asteroid 2024 YR4
In January 2025, the European Space Agency (ESA) announced that it had begun monitoring 2024 YR4 – an Apollo-type (Earth-crossing) object. This had been discovered by the Chilean station of the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) the previous month.
Initial observations revealed an elliptical orbit, going around the Sun every 4.05 years, with a rotation period of 19.5 minutes. Preliminary data also suggested a stony S-type or L-type asteroid, estimated at between 40 and 100 metres (130 and 330 ft) in diameter.
Early measurements revealed that the asteroid had made a close approach on 25th December 2024 – two days before its discovery – when it passed within 830,000 km (515,000 miles, or about 2.2 lunar distances), before moving away from Earth. It would make its next close approach in 2028 and then return again four years later.
Calculations of its future trajectory showed a particularly close approach in 2032, with potential for an impact. Initial estimates placed the probability of collision at 1 in 83 (1.2%), later rising to 1 in 59 (1.7%) as further observations refined the asteroid's path. The Near Earth Objects Dynamic Site (NEODyS), an Italian web service, placed the odds even higher, at 1 in 53 (1.88%).
Due to its relatively large size and greater-than-1% impact probability, 2024 YR4 appeared at level 3 on the Torino scale, the second-highest rating ever seen for an asteroid – behind only 99942 Apophis, which briefly ranked at level 4 in late 2004. This prompted the International Asteroid Warning Network to issue a notice on 29th January 2025.
The projected impact corridor stretched along Earth's equator, starting just south of Mexico, crossing northernmost South America, then extending across the Atlantic into central Africa. It clipped the southern Arabian Peninsula, passed through central India, and ended near Myanmar (Burma). Based on the estimated diameter, mass, and density, the asteroid would release energy equivalent to 7.9 megatonnes of TNT if it were to impact Earth at 17.32 km/s (10.76 mi/s), producing either a meteor air burst or crater, with destruction as far as 50 km (30 mi) from the impact site.
Subsequent observations, especially during the close approach of 2028, enabled a much more precise calculation of its future orbit and a refined estimation of the likelihood of impact. Many observatories, as well as amateur astronomers, are monitoring this close approach on 22nd December 2032.*
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35 "Stephen Woodward says the ash tree will be virtually eliminated within 20 years."
See The ash is history — oak could be next, The Sunday Times:
http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/Environment/article1159039.ece
Accessed 20th November 2012.
36 Ash dieback: Spotter's guide and maps, BBC:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-20171524
Accessed 20th November 2012.
37 Shocking decline in UK birdlife, Future Timeline Blog:
https://www.futuretimeline.net/blog/2012/11/19-2.htm
Accessed 20th November 2012.
38 Red List for Britain's Mammals, The Mammal Society:
https://www.mammal.org.uk/science-research/red-list/
Accessed 21st January 2024.
39 A pulse check for trends in sea turtle numbers across the globe, iScience:
https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(24)00292-X
Accessed 8th February 2025.
40 UAB research says 2,000 pound turtle could be extinct within 20 years, University of Alabama at Birmingham:
http://www.uab.edu/news/latest/item/3216-uab-research-says-2000-pound-turtle-could-be-extinct-within-20-years
Accessed 6th March 2013.
41 See 2022.
42 Saudi Arabia targets 41 GW of solar by 2032, PV Magazine:
http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/saudi-arabia-targets-41-gw-of-solar-by-2032_100006719/#axzz1uSl2b03a
Accessed 20th November 2012.
43 See 2050.
44 Saudi Arabia Plans $109 Billion Boost for Solar Power, Business Week:
http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-05-10/saudi-arabia-plans-109-billion-boost-for-solar-power
Accessed 20th November 2012.
45 Saudi plans 16 reactors by 2030, World Nuclear News:
http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/IT-Saudi_plans_16_reactors_by_2030-0206115.html
Accessed 20th November 2012.
46 Saudi Arabia reveals plans to be powered entirely by renewable energy, The Guardian:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/oct/19/saudi-arabia-renewable-energy-oil?intcmp=122
Accessed 20th November 2012.
47 BAE Systems to begin building new British nuclear submarines, Reuters:
http://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-defence-idUSKCN121391
Accessed 27th October 2016.
48 Everything you need to know about Trident - Britain's nuclear deterrent, ITV:
http://www.itv.com/news/2016-07-18/everything-you-need-to-know-about-trident-britains-nuclear-deterrent/
Accessed 27th October 2016.
49 "If the decision is taken to renew Trident, the replacement programme would be operational until the 2060s."
See Theresa May warns threat of nuclear attack has increased ahead of Trident vote, Independent:
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/theresa-may-trident-renewal-nuclear-attack-threat-labour-free-vote-a7141826.html
Accessed 27th October 2016.
50 Catalog of Transits of Mercury, NASA:
https://eclipses.gsfc.nasa.gov/transit/catalog/MercuryCatalog.html
Accessed 12th November 2019.
51 2024 YR4, Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_YR4
Accessed 1st February 2025.
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